Studies Graphene oxide removal/detox

Conclusion: Fulvic acid can reduce the ability of graphene oxide to enhance the toxicity of environmental pollutants.

Title: Facilitated bioaccumulation of perfluorooctanesulfonate in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by graphene oxide and fulvic acid remission mechanism

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: Graphene oxide (GO) can adsorb harmful substances such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), which, when consumed by aquatic creatures such as carp, may cause toxicity. However, fulvic acid can competitively adsorb on graphene oxide and reduce its ability to enhance the toxicity of pollutants. For example, GO could transport PFOS to penetrate into the cells of the intestine. In this case, the absorption of PFOS, especially through the intestine, and the absorption rate coefficient (ku) were greatly enhanced, leading to obviously promoted PFOS bioaccumulation in fish. However, FA could facilitate the flocculation of GO in the intestine and also accelerate the excretion of GO-PFOS complex. Therefore, in the presence of FA, the absorption of PFOS was reduced and the promoting effect of GO on PFOS accumulation subsided.

Link: https://sci-hub.ru/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.6b02100

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Humic acid can reduce the toxicity of graphene oxide to aquatic life.

Title: The effects of humic acid on the toxicity of graphene oxide to Scenedesmus obliquus and Daphnia magna

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: Graphene oxide (GO) induced significant toxicity to the algae S. obliquus and the water flea D. magna, and the median lethal concentrations for acute toxicity were 20.6 and 84.2 mg/L, respectively. However, humic acid (HA) mitigated the acute toxicity of GO to S. obliquus and D. magna by 28.6% and 32.3%, respectively, and mitigated the chronic toxicity of GO to D. magna.

Link: https://sci-hub.ru/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.280

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Humic acid can reduce the toxicity of some forms of graphene oxide to aquatic life.

Title: Humic acids alleviate the toxicity of nanosized palladium-modified reduced graphene oxide in microalgae

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: Humic acid (HA) increased the defects and dispersion of palladium-modified reduced graphene oxide (Pd/rGO) and reduced the cellular damage and oxidative stress responses in microalgae caused by Pd/rGO, thereby reducing the biological toxicity of Pd/rGO.

Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651322006340

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Humic acid can reduce the toxicity of graphene oxide to plants and the environment.

Title: Humic acid acts as a natural antidote to graphene by regulating nanomaterial translocation and metabolic fluxes in vivo

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: Humic acid (HA) reduces the toxicity of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles in plants by enhancing their compartmentalization in plant cell vacuoles. Therefore, HA has the potential to significantly alter the nanotoxicity of GO in the environment.

Link:https://sci-hub.ru/10.1021/es5012548

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Humic acid reduces the toxicity of graphene oxide to zebrafish.

Title: Mitigation of multiple effects of graphene oxide toxicity on humic acid-driven zebrafish embryogenesis

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: Graphene oxide (GO) is highly toxic to zebrafish during embryo formation, causing significant hatching delay and cardiac edema, and altering protein secondary structure. In this study, humic acid (HA) significantly alleviated the above adverse effects. HA reduced the interactions between GO and fish embryo and mitigated the damage by regulating the morphology, structures, and surface negative charges of GO. HA also altered the uptake and deposition of GO and decreased the aggregation of GO in embryonic yolk cells and deep layer cells. Furthermore, HA mitigated mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress induced by GO.

Link:https://sci-hub.ru/10.1021/acs.est.5b02220

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Fulvic acid and humic acid coated surfaces can adhere graphene oxide, which may help to remove this toxic agent.

Title: Interactions of graphene oxide nanomaterials with natural organic matter and metal oxide surfaces.

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: The deposition rates of graphene oxide (GO) were generally higher on fulvic acid- and humic acid-coated surfaces than on the metal oxide surface investigated in this study, indicating that most of the GO will be deposited on fulvic acid- and humic acid-coated surfaces in the aquatic environment.

Link: https://sci-hub.ru/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25026416/

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Humic acid reduces the toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide to aquatic life in multiple ways.

Title: Humic acid mitigated the toxicity of graphene family materials to algae by reducing oxidative stress and heteroaggregation.

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: The adverse effect of graphene family materials (GFMs) on aquatic organisms has attracted increasing attention. However, natural organic matter can alter the toxicity induced by GFMs. This work demonstrated that the toxicity to algae induced by GFM was largely mitigated by humic acid (HA), and the antagonistic degree followed the order of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) > graphene oxide (GO) > graphene (G). Alleviating membrane damage caused by HA was a main mechanism for the mitigation of the observed toxicity, by decreasing both oxidative stress and direct contact between GFMs and algae. Direct contact was reduced by weakened algae-GFM heteroaggregation (for rGO and G) and enhanced steric hindrance (for GO, rGO, and G).

Link: https://sci-hub.ru/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/en/c9en00067d

____________________________________________________________

Conclusion: Humic acid reduces the toxicity of graphene oxide in freshwater algae.

Title: Humic acid alleviates the ecotoxicity of graphene family materials in the freshwater microalga Scenedesmus obliquus

Document Type: Peer-Reviewed Journal Article

Conclusion: In this study, humic acid (HA) mitigated the toxicity of graphene family materials (GFMs), including graphene oxide, on algae through three possible mechanisms: (1) reducing the contact of GFMs with algal cells by regulating the structural and surface negative charges of GFMs; (2) mitigating physical penetration and damage by decreasing GFM deposition on cells by interacting with HA; (3) reacting as an antioxidant with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and extracellular hydroxyl radicals (OH). This work provides useful insights into the environmental toxicity of GFMs and potential antidote mechanisms in the presence of HA.

Link: https://sci-hub.ru/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29407839/